FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAMMAR

For Fundamental of Grammar, our assignment is about analyzing tenses that used in a passage.

SOCIAL CONTEXT AND MUSICAL CONTENT OF RAP MUSIC

Tense occurrence and rhetorical function

Introduction

     The different tenses used in this descriptive text are simple present tense, simple past tense, present continuous tense and present perfect tense. Generally, there are 28 sentences and 5 paragraphs in this descriptive article which is found in journal. This article is written by Howard Lune, Enrique S. Pumar and Ross Koppel. Howard Lune is an Associate Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Graduate Social Research Program. While Enrique S. Pumar is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Ross Koppel is an Adjunct Professor of Sociology of university of Pennsylvania.

Analysis on the use of different tenses

Over the past three decades, scholars produced important evidence on the role of industry, organizational structure and markets in the creation of cultural goods. However, the consequences of these structures for creative people and the content of the cultural objects they produce are not yet well understood, as noted by Cerulo (1984) and Peterson and Anand (2004). This gap in the literature is striking given the emphasis of the lead production of culture scholars on the impact of the context of production on artistic work (Becker 1982, White and White 1965).

Yet, there is much evidence for the effect of market concentration and the organization of firms on the production of rap music.

Tenses	Words	Uses
Simple past tense Simple present tense Present continuous tense	produced noted produce is is striking	single past actions or events that is finished sequences of actions express general statements of facts express general statements of facts describe current situation as temporary

The structure of the contemporary recorded music industry is oligopolistic, controlled by multi-national firm with diversified holdings across multiple media and consumer product markets. These firms restructured their bureaucratic infrastructure in the past several decades, establishing semi-autonomous divisions that oversee subsidiary labels. Subsidiary labels are typically run by freelance producers, who are ‘delegated the responsibility of producing marketable creations, with little or no interference from the front office beyond the setting of budgetary limits’. Recently, Dowd found one effect of this ‘de-centralized’ production was to attenuate the negative effect of oligopolistic markets on musical diversity. De-centralized production allows subsidiary labels to imitate independent labels’ ability to seek out new talent and musical styles; at the extreme, they are able to co-opt the type of musical products independent labels offer.

Tenses	Words	Uses
Simple past tense Simple present tense	restructured found, was is, controlled are, run are allows	single past actions or events that is finished sequences of actions             describe a series of actions express general statements of facts express general statements of facts talk about future actions

Scholars do not agree, however, on the source of diversity in the music market. Anderson and Hesbacher found independent labels often introduce new genres to the market place, but these genres have little variability. Independent labels introducing new genres typically record new artist; however, Dowd found that hits of new performers are not as musically varied and dissimilar as those established performers. Disagreements over the source of diversity are partly attributable to the lack of a standard measure: the literature relies both on a variety of proxy measures and direct measures of musical content. Proxy measures of musical diversity include the appearance of new artists.

Tenses	Words	Uses
Simple past tense Simple present tense	found do, agree record are relies introduce, have include	single past actions or events that is finished express general statements of facts express general statements of facts express general statements of facts express things that are true for a long time describe a series of actions express things that are true for a long time

This research seeks to contribute new measures of diversity, an analysis of lyrical and sub-genre musical content. It offers the first analysis of R&B music charts and population data on charted rap music as well as evidence of the effect of decentralized production by oligopolistic firms on the content of music. There are consequences of social context on art production.

Tenses	Words	Uses
Simple present tense	seeks offers are	describe repeated actions talk about future actions express general statement of facts

Rap music was the best case for this study for several reasons. First, the link between record label management practices and rap music content has been a focus of highly publicized criticisms of the genre. Sen. Joe Lieberman captured national attention with a letter writing and radio campaign aimed at pressuring record companies to cease production of “obscene” rap music. Lieberman was joined by fellow Sen. This followed two years of anti-rap record store demonstrations and Congressional Hearings on the issue. There is evidence that record labels encouraged rap artists to produce prurient content. For example, during this period, Carmen Ashhust-Watson described the development strategy of rap label Def Jam. “Right now gangsta rappers are the big thing. If [a hypothetical rap group] look like the kind of group that has capacity to do that, then [our label] might suggest they do some gangsta-style songs”. The link between (objectionable) rap content and record labels is thus of interest to policy makers and the public. Second, rap music charted earliest on the Billboard Magazine weekly R&B charts, a data source scholars have ignored. Drawing upon these charts provides the most complete temporal snapshot of charting rap songs and includes more sales heterogeneity than other studies of music markets, with the notable exception of Dowd.

Tenses	Words	Uses
Simple past tense Simple present tense Present perfect tense	was captured was joined (passive verbs) followed described is are look suggest , do provides includes have ignored	fast states single past actions or events that is finished single past actions or events that is finished sequences of actions habits in the past single past actions or events that is finished express general statements of facts express general statements of facts express general statements of facts describe a series of action talk about future actions talk about future actions An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present

Summary

This article describe about the production of rap music either in melodic and chordal structure or music material. Readers also gave out their thought and feedback to the new world of music, rap, with new measurement from all diversity. Even though there are some argumentative opinions between the readers in deciding whether rap music should be included in music industry market or not, but the research had charted the high sales of rap music product.

Conclusion on the use of tenses

     The tenses that often use in this descriptive text are the simple present tense. This is followed by the use of simple past tense and the present continuous tense. The present perfect tense and the future continuous tense are each used twice only. The future perfect tense only used once in this text.  This article had been identified as descriptive text because the tenses that used by this article is mainly simple present tense. This article also uses a lot of adjective to describe the characteristic of the main content, rap music.

REFERENCE

Howard Lune, Enrique S. Pumar, Ross Koppel. 2009. Perspectives in Social Research Methods and Analysis. SAGE Publications