Tuesday, 15 March 2016

CIRCUIT SWITCHING


is established between two station.
fixed transmission of connection until it is terminated.
capacity unused by the circuit cannot be used by other circuits.
Data is transmitted by splitting into small packets.
Each packet is labelled with its destination and sequence number.

CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING



The packets travel independently and may be routed in different path until they reached
their destination. 
Each packet is labelled with its destination and sequence number.
The packets travel independently and may be routed in different path until they reached
their destination.

COMPARARATION OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHING
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
PACKET SWITCHING
RESOURCES
Only one user at 1 time
Multiple user at same time on same line
SPEED
Communication takes place in real time 
(no queuing delay)
May delay in transmission of data
EFFICIENCY
Line is under utilized to its capacity
Line can be utilized to its full band width
APPLICATION
No error checking
Guarantee a feedback
Error control is provided
Acknowledgement system is provided
COST
Higher
Cheaper (because multiple users share the cost)

For Literary Appreciation course in the second semester of first year in Bachelor Of Science with Education, I seek for my interest in a novel, The Fault In Our Stars, by John Green, which is published in the first month of 2012. Actually I found out this novel because of a song, sang by Ed Sheeran, All of the Stars, which have been chosen as the theme song when the storyline of this novel adapted to a film in 2014. The Fault In Our Stars gained the first position in the Bestseller List of Wall Street Journal and on the Indiebound seller list. This novel also became the New York Times Book Review Editor’s Choice and debuted as the first in New York Times Best Seller list in 2012. In 2013, The Fault In Our Stars has awarded as Children’s Choice Book Award in Teen Book of the Year’s category. The Fault In Our Stars is the sixth novel debuted by John Green. John Green is an American author, born on August 24 in 1977 in Indianapolis. John Green creates his writing based on the inspiration from his experience. For example, he worked in a hospital before and saw the children suffered from life-threatening illnesses. Thus, he continued to apply his experience and work on the novel, The Fault In Our Stars. John Green was awarded since his first publication novel, Looking for Alaska, by American Library Association literary award  in 2006. He also won in National Author Award in Indiana Authors Award and Innovator’s Award in Los Angeles Times Book Prize in 2013.

            Thesis statement from this novel is “You don't get to choose if you get hurt in this world..but you do have some say in who hurts you” (Chapter 25, page 313). This quote emphasis that, we have no right to control what people will do and that action may hurt us, but we can choose who will get close with us. This novel is drawing a beautiful love story where the main character, Hazel Graze Lanchester who having terminal lung cancer, meet Augustus Waters who suffered from osteosarcoma. The storyline further the attractiveness when they get on a journey to visit Hazel’s favourite writer, Peter Van Houten. Their relationship grows more when they travelled to Amsterdam and spent their time there. Unfortunately, Hazel, who always think she is nearer to the life of death, need to accept that, Augustus is suffering for life-threatening illness and will die sooner than her.

In the novel The Fault In Our Stars, John Green plotted a story of making choices and going through valuable experiences before death in predicted time. John Green builds a 16 years old teenage girl, Hazel Grace Lanchester as the main character, who battled with cancer and counting her life span that she still have. Her mother sent her to Support Group for Cancer Survivors to build her self-confidence and encouraged her to mix with the society. Until one day, she met Augustus Waters who catch her eyes on their first meeting. Augustus Waters came to the Support Group for Cancer Survivors to give support to his friend, Issac, who is suffered from eye cancer and will be blind soon. While, Augustus suffered from Osteosarcoma, a certain illness related to bone cancer, and after he lost his leg, he uses prosthetic to replace his leg.

            Their relationships begin when Hazel shared her favourite book, An Imperial Affliction, which is the story regarding the realities of dying from cancer, with Augustus. Augustus and Hazel slowly built their relationship and know each other better by exchanging their views about the book. Knowing Hazel’s curiosity about the ending of the novel, Augustus tried to contact the author of the book, Peter Van Houten. From my point of view, Augustus treated Hazel as a very important friend because he tried to fulfill her wishes after he knew Hazel wished to know the ending of her favourite book. Augustus uses a wish that given by a foundation for cancer children to support him and Hazel to Amsterdam to find out the ending of the story that Hazel was dying to know. This means that, Hazel stood still on her wish to meet the author and hope to find for the true even though her body is still weak. For Augustus, he is willing to use his wish to support Hazel’s and his expenses in the journey to Amsterdam.

            Hazel and Augustus have a great time travelled to Amsterdam until they met Peter Van Houten. It doesn’t go as well as they had planned when they met the author face to face at the author’s house. He is a drunk man, talking nonsense and criticize Hazel and Augustus by saying that, ‘like sick children.. you say you don’t want pity, but your very existence depends upon it’. I think Peter Van Houten said such things to Hazel because he has his own problem that keep blowing him on his mind as his assistant said, he was a nice man before. Hazel felt disappointed and upset because she still can’t know the ending from the author himself. However, Peter Van Houten’s assistant, Lidewij Vligenthart, invited Hazel and Augustus to visit Anne Frank’s house in Amsterdam. However, Augustus has promised Hazel that he will write an epilogue of the story, an happy ending of the story for Hazel.

           

Some infinities are bigger than other infinities’ is a popular quote in this novel and the quote is stated out by Peter Van Houten when Hazel and Augustus visited him. Infinities is limitless but Georg Cantor proved it, it is still can be compared. From Hazel’s perspective, from 0 to 2, there is unlimited numbers such as 0.1, 0.11, 0.112 and so on. Thus, when we are keep on moving, we will get a smaller and smaller distance between the boundaries. Hazel is appreciate and feels thankful with her and Augustus’s little infinity or little time together. In Hazel’s heart, she has chose to be with Augustus even though Augustus may left her alone at the end of the story.

 

Before they went back to Indianapolis, heart-breaking scene takes over. Augustus shocked Hazel by telling her that, his cancer has returned, had spread to whole body and his condition is much worse than his previous condition. Hazel never thinks Augustus has shorter life span than her so she felt extremely upset but she promised that she will stay by his side and going through his remained time together. Actually we can compare the character of Hazel and Monica. Hazel did not leave Augustus even though he is going to die soon but Monica leaves Issac immediately when she know Issac is going to be a blind man. Augustus arranged a pre-funeral at the church basement while Hazel and Issac prepared their eulogies for the funeral. Hazel expressed her gratefulness because she was able to spend time and each little infinity with Augustus even just for a short time. Hazel realized Augustus has turned from a humorous and brave young man to a frightened because of his illusion, nostalgia and had become a vulnerable person. However, Hazel stays by his side and helps him going through his last life time.

 

Augustus dies 8 day after his pre-funeral. Hazel is surprised when she met Peter Van Houten, the author of An Imperial Affliction, attended to Augustus’s funeral. Then Hazel learned that, Augustus still stayed in touch with the author before he died. Peter Van Houten reveals that, the main character of the novel, Anna, was his 8 years old daughter who died because of leukemia. Peter Van Houten also gives a letter to Hazel by saying that, the letter is coming from Augustus. The letter is an eulogy written by Augustus to Hazel. Augustus stated his feeling for Hazel and is attracted by Hazel’s beauty and personality. He also added that, people can choose who hurt them and he likes his choice. He hoped Hazel will like her choice for choosing him too and the end of the story finished by ‘I do’, which is mean Hazel likes her choice for choosing Augustus too. We can choose something and that particular thing may hurt us but after all, it is our choice. At the end, Hazel put a packet of Augustus’s favourite cigarette for him and said that she loves him present tense, means she loves him until now and future. In this story, although it does not have a happy ending, where two of the main characters live happily ever after, but Hazel stays faithful and keep remembering her partner.

 

            John Green embedded the story line with the greatest of love from parents to Hazel and love between Hazel and Augustus. Because of love, Hazel’s parents want to fulfill all her wills included flying to Amsterdam to meet the book’s author and because of love, Hazel and Augustus found a reason to appreciate every moment in their life. The other themes in this novel included courage. Every patient, who suffered from cancers in this book need courage to keep on living every valuable moment in their live. For example, even though Issac needs to operate his eyes and will be blind, but he continues his life and make himself used to a dark world. From my point of view, Issac has grew and became a strong man with the help and support given by his two best friends, Hazel and Augustus. He keeps holding on when his girlfriend, Monica left him. Hazel also keep holding on even though Augustus told her that he will die soon as she keep accompanying him and help him going through the hard times. ‘Grief does not change you, it reveals you’ is what Peter Van Houten tells Hazel in Augustus’s funeral. He was saying that deep sorrow illness does not change Hazel to a different person but this illness reveals a part of Hazel’s braveness to face the fate.

            From my point of view, ‘You don't get to choose if you get hurt in this world..but you do have some say in who hurts you’ utter a very important message in this book. This message is given by Augustus to Hazel through Peter Van Houten. If we get hurt by someone that we chose, we will be happy with our choice because we chose them. At least we have the rights to pick who can tackle our feelings. John Green created The Fault In Our Stars with a lot love, romance, funny and tears bursting scene. This novel reveals the real side of cancer patients who need courage to keep moving on and the relationship between the love from family such as Hazel’s parents’ love towards Hazel and Waters’ family towards their son, Augustus. The story line also included a strong friendship between Issac and Augustus, which encourage Issac to continue his life even though he has lost both of his eyes and his girlfriend, Monica. Furthermore, I also learn that, we need to have courage when we desire to do something because if we do not have courage to action, we will not have, even a slip, to reach our dream.

This book conveys a very real story because it related to the real condition of the cancers patients. Readers maybe think this kind of story did not suitable for them because it is too sorrow and give a lot of description about dying matters. But actually, the story line included a lot of interesting characters and bundle of good values that we can obtained in this novel. These patients who suffered from cancer mainly have a very strong spirit to fight over their illness by the forming of Support Group for Cancer Patients. I think this association can give a lot of support and advice to the patients so that the patients would not take silly action such as commit suicide and so on. This novel copes with the beauty of love between two cancer patients and how do they face their fate of dying. It also copes with the philosophical matters when it discusses about the meaning of life and death. Thus, I would recommend everyone to read and discover more about this book. It educates us how to retain courage in ourselves for dealing hard issues. The novel also emphasis on how a short life can become an infinity moment if we appreciate and going through that moment with valuable experiences. Thus, we need to appreciate time by doing something beneficial and take more time to be with someone that we cherish and treasure.

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